![]() (2013) observed that Championship players did more high-speed running and sprinting than players in the Premier League, even though the differences were small. (2012) found that top teams in the Danish League covered 30–40% more high-speed running distance compared to the middle and bottom teams. 410 m) than professional players at a lower level (Mohr et al., 2003). Computerised time-motion analysis has demonstrated that international top-class players perform 28% more high-intensity running (2.43 vs. The amount of high-speed running is what distinguishes top-class players from those at a lower level. However, the majority of the distance is covered by walking and low-intensity running and it is mainly the high-intensity exercise periods which are important. The typical distance covered by a top-level outfield male player during a match is 10–13 km (Bangsbo et al., 1991 Mohr et al., 2003 Krustrup et al., 2005 Bangsbo et al., 2006 Mascio & Bradley, 2013). This information has provided a more detailed and nuanced picture of the demands on players, but the outline of fundamental requirements for players has not changed. The technology has led to detailed analyses of many aspects of the game, such as the importance of team tactics and the style of play of the opponent and their impact on physical demands, and a huge number of articles within this area have been published in recent years (Castellano et al., 2014). In addition to tactical analysis, these systems provide detailed information on characteristics of the fitness work in the game, including all the intense running bouts and also, in recent years, taking accelerations into account. The systems use several high-speed cameras installed at the stadium filming different sections of the field for post-game analysis. The most successful were the multiple-camera systems developed by Amisco and Prozone, which are match analysis systems commonly used by many top-class football clubs today. ![]() Inspired by video-based match analysis systems, a large number of automatic systems were put into use by professional football clubs at the beginning of this millennium. This approach was further developed in England and later in Denmark, and in the early 1990s data on differences between players in different playing positions were presented in scientific journals (Bangsbo et al., 1991). The first attempts to analyse the activity profile of football players during games were performed in Sweden in the late 1960s using video analysis on short filmed sequences of a game. This review deals with current knowledge about the demands of the game at a top-class level, with a focus on match analysis and physiological measurements during match play. These differences are related to the training status of the players and the specific tactical role of the individual player. Changes in both performance and physiological response throughout a game have been studied with a focus on individual differences in the physical stress to which players are exposed in games. In recent years much research regarding match performance has been conducted, and science has to a greater extent been incorporated into training planning and nutritional strategies to prepare for training and games. Careful planning of training and nutritional strategies is required in preparation for training and games. ![]() The many intense actions (>100) during a game indicate that the rate of anaerobic energy turnover is also high during game periods, with a significant rate of utilization of creatine phosphate and lactate accumulation. ![]() The aerobic energy system is highly taxed during a football game, with average and peak heart rates around 85% and 98% of maximal values, respectively, corresponding to average oxygen uptake of around 70% of maximum.It is mainly the high-intensity exercise periods which are important, with the amount of high-speed running having been shown to be a distinguishing factor between top-class players and those at a lower level.A myriad of factors influences the demands of a player, such as the player’s physical capacity, technical qualities, playing position, tactical role and style of playing, as well as ball possession of the team, quality of the opponent, importance of the game, seasonal period, playing surface and environmental factors.The demands on a football player during a game can be determined from match analysis and physiological measurements during match play. ![]()
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